Which philosophers emphasized that international law was founded upon the law of nature?
a.d) All of the above
b. c) Alberico Gentili
c.b) Francisco Suárez
d.a) Francisco de Vitoria
What concept did the Romans invent to govern the status of foreigners?
a.d) Law merchant
b. a) Jus gentium
c. c) Canon law
d. b) Natural law
What spurred the development of scientific, humanistic, and individualist thought in Europe?
a.b) Introduction of the printing press
b. a) Arrival of Greek scholars
c.c) Expansion of ocean navigation
d. d) All of the above
Which ancient agreements contributed to the development of international law?
a.c) Various pacts negotiated by Middle Eastern empires
b.d) All of the above
c.a) Treaty between Lagash and Umma
d.b) Agreement between Ramses II and Hattusilis III
When was the concept of international law first established?
a. d) In the 15th century
b. c) During the Roman Empire
c. b) In ancient Middle East
d. a) During the European Renaissance
Which philosopher attempted to develop an approach that avoided the extremes of both positivism and natural law?
a.a) Christian Wolff
b. c) Grotius
c.b) Emerich de Vattel
d.d) Samuel von Pufendorf
What concept provided a basis for the entrenchment of power in the person of the king?
a.c) Parliamentary forms of government
b.b) Divine right of kings
c. d) Representative forms of government
d.a) Sovereignty
What effect did the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War have on political cooperation?
a.d) It led to tensions between states of the north and south.
b. a) It increased political cooperation between the United States and Russia.
c. c) It had no impact on political cooperation.
d.b) It decreased political cooperation between the United States and Russia.
What events undermined positivism's dominance in international law in the 20th century?
a.d) All of the above
b.a) World War I and World War II
c.b) The growth of international organizations
d. c) The increasing importance of human rights
Which ancient civilizations played a vital role in the development of international law?
a. b) Indian subcontinent
b. a) Ancient Israel
c.d) All of the above
d.c) China
How are nonpermanent seats on the Security Council apportioned?
a. a) They are equally distributed among all member states.
b. c) They are allocated to ensure equitable regional representation.
c.d) They are determined based on a country's economic power.
d.b) They are primarily given to European states.
What group of states, often newly decolonized, gained increased prominence during the Cold War?
a. d) Third World
b.b) Soviet Union and its allies
c.a) European powers
d.c) United States and its allies
What geopolitical event shaped the development of international law from the end of World War II until the 1990s?
a.d) The proliferation of conflicts on the peripheries of the two blocs
b.b) The decolonization of European powers
c.c) The establishment of the United Nations
d.a) The Cold War
What are some of the issues that tensions increased on between states of the north and south?
a. b) Technology, globalization, and international cooperation.
b.a) Trade, human rights, and the law of the sea.
c.c) The collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.
d.d) The expansion of international law and the rights of international organizations.
Which school of thought emphasized the actual practice of contemporary states over concepts derived from biblical sources, Greek thought, or Roman law?
a.d) None of the above
b. a) Naturalists
c. b) Positivists
d.c) Both naturalists and positivists
Who is considered the founder of the modern study of private international law?
a.b) Baldo degli Ubaldi
b.c) Francisco de Vitoria
c.a) Bartolo da Sassoferrato
d.d) Alberico Gentili
During which century did the naturalist school gradually decline in influence?
a.c) 19th century
b. a) 17th century
c.b) 18th century
d.d) 20th century
What set of rules were developed to govern interstate relations in Europe?
a. d) All of the above
b. a) Canon law
c. c) Maritime law
d. b) Law merchant
What concept played a prominent role in the American and French revolutions but had only marginal significance in international law until the 20th century?
a. b) Natural rights
b.d) Nonintervention in the affairs of other states
c.c) Exclusive domestic jurisdiction
d.a) State sovereignty
What intellectual foundation did the concept of natural law receive in the Middle Ages?
a. b) Greek philosophy
b.d) Maritime law
c.a) Religious principles
d. c) Roman law
According to the passage, what does the ICJ's statute require in terms of the organization of the court?
a.c) It must ensure that Europe and other states have the majority of seats.
b. a) It must reflect the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.
c. b) It must prioritize the representation of African and Asian countries.
d. d) It must be structured in a way that reduces tensions between states of the north and south.
Who is credited with organizing international law into a comprehensive system in De Jure Belli ac Pacis?
a.d) Grotius
b. b) Richard Zouche
c.c) Cornelis van Bynkershoek
d.a) Samuel von Pufendorf
Based on the "Historical development of international law" section from the document "International Law," here are the answers to your questions:
- Philosophers emphasizing international law founded upon the law of nature:
- all above
- Concept invented by the Romans to govern the status of foreigners:
- Jus gentium.
- What spurred the development of scientific, humanistic, and individualist thought in Europe:
- All of the above (Introduction of the printing press, Arrival of Greek scholars, Expansion of ocean navigation).
- Ancient agreements contributing to the development of international law:
- All of the above (Treaty between Lagash and Umma, Agreement between Ramses II and Hattusilis III, Various pacts negotiated by Middle Eastern empires).
- When was the concept of international law first established:
- During the European Renaissance.
- Philosopher who developed an approach avoiding the extremes of positivism and natural law:
- Both Christian Wolff and Emerich de Vattel.
- Concept providing a basis for the entrenchment of power in the person of the king:
- Sovereignty.
- Effect of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War on political cooperation:
- Increased political cooperation between the United States and Russia.
- Events undermining positivism's dominance in international law in the 20th century:
- All of the above (World War I and World War II, The growth of international organizations, The increasing importance of human rights).
- Ancient civilizations playing a vital role in the development of international law:
- All of the above (ancient Israel, the Indian subcontinent, China).
- How nonpermanent seats on the Security Council are apportioned:
- They are allocated to ensure equitable regional representation.
- Group of states gaining increased prominence during the Cold War:
- Third World.
- Geopolitical event shaping the development of international law from the end of World War II until the 1990s:
- The Cold War.
- Issues that tensions increased on between states of the north and south:
- Trade, human rights, and the law of the sea.
- School of thought emphasizing the actual practice of contemporary states:
- Positivists.
- Founder of the modern study of private international law:
- Bartolo da Sassoferrato.
- Century when the naturalist school gradually declined in influence:
- 19th century.
- Set of rules developed to govern interstate relations in Europe:
- All of the above (Canon law, Law merchant, Maritime law).
- Concept playing a prominent role in the American and French revolutions but having marginal significance in international law until the 20th century:
- Natural rights.
- Intellectual foundation of the concept of natural law in the Middle Ages:
- Religious principles.
- Requirement of the ICJ's statute regarding the organization of the court:
- It must reflect the main forms of civilization and the principal legal systems of the world.
- Who organized international law into a comprehensive system in De Jure Belli ac Pacis:
- Grotius.
